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12. Personnel expenses/employees

Personnel expenses rose in 2009 by €285 million to €7,776 million (2008: €7,491 million). Shifts in exchange rates increased personnel expenses by €77 million.

Personnel Expenses	[Table 4.32]
	2008	2009
	€ million	€ million
Wages and salaries	5,978	6,286
Social expenses and expenses for pensions and other benefits	1,513	1,490
of which for defined contribution pension plans	431	495
of which for defined benefit pension plans	195	164
Total	7,491	7,776

The personnel expenses shown here do not contain the interest portion of the allocation to personnel-related provisions, which is included in the non-operating result as other non-operating expense (Note [13.3]). These personnel-related provisions are mainly for employee pensions.

The average number of employees classified by corporate functions is shown in the table below.

Employees	[Table 4.33]
	2008	2009
Production	48,384	48,426
Marketing and distribution	38,006	38,598
Research and development	11,914	12,185
General administration	8,995	9,386
Total	107,299	108,595
of which trainees	2,623	2,665

The employees of joint ventures are included in the above figures in proportion to Bayer’s interests in the respective companies. The total number of people employed by joint ventures in 2009 was 55 (2008: 60).

The average number of employees is stated in full-time equivalents, with part-time employees included on a pro-rata basis in line with their contractual working hours.